Friday, October 10, 2014

The Serpent of Compliance

Compliance refers to a response — specifically, a submission — made in reaction to a request. The request may be explicit (i.e., foot-in-the-door technique) or implicit (i.e., advertising). The target may or may not recognize that he or she is being urged to act in a particular way.

Social psychology is centered on the idea of social influence. Defined as the effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people (real or imagined) have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior; social influence is the driving force behind compliance. It is important that psychologists and ordinary people alike recognize that social influence extends beyond our behavior—to our thoughts, feelings and beliefs—and that it takes on many forms. Persuasion and the gaining of compliance are particularly significant types of social influence since they utilize the respective effect’s power to attain the submission of others. Studying compliance is significant because it is a type of social influence that affects our everyday behavior—especially social interactions. Compliance itself is a complicated concept that must be studied in depth so that its uses, implications and both its theoretical and experimental approaches may be better understood.

Marketing

Research has indicated that compliance techniques have become a major asset to numerous forms of advertising, including Internet shopping sites. Techniques are used to communicate essential information intended to persuade customers. Advertisements and other forms of marketing typically play on the customers’ need for informative and normative social influence. The people in the advertisements and the ads themselves serve as a type of authority. They are credible—especially in regards to the product. As a result, customers’ need to be accurate drives them to comply with the ad's message and to purchase a product that an authority claims he or she needs. Secondly, people have the need to belong. Customers often comply with ads by purchasing certain merchandise in the hopes of affiliating with a particular group. Because compliance techniques play at psychological needs they are frequently successful in selling a product; the use of fear is often less persuasive.

Conclusion

Compliance refers to an implicit or explicit response to a request. Based in the roots of social influence, compliance is studied through the use of many different approaches, contexts, and techniques. The implications of compliance from a psychological standpoint infer that by utilizing various techniques (i.e., foot-in-the-door, ingratiation, etc.), personal needs (i.e., informational and social goals) and/or group characteristics (i.e., strength, immediacy, number). It is important to recognize that people are capable of using, or abusing, compliance in order to gain advantage over others. This has caused controversy in a number of settings, and is still being looked at in depth in order to better understand how to use this social phenomenon in a prosocial manner.

Camp X on Lake Ontario

Camp X was the unofficial name of a Second World War paramilitary and commando training installation, on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario between Whitby and Oshawa in Ontario, Canada. The area is known today as Intrepid Park, after the code name for Sir William Stephenson of the British Security Coordination.

Overview

Camp X was established December 6, 1941 by the chief of British Security Coordination (BSC), Sir William Stephenson, a Canadian from Ajax, Ontario, and a close confidante of Winston Churchill and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The camp was originally designed to link Britain and the United States at a time when the US was forbidden by the Neutrality Act to be directly involved in World War II.

Before the attack on Pearl Harbor and America's entry into the war, Camp X opened for the purpose of training Allied agents from the Special Operations Executive, Federal Bureau of Investigation, and American Office of Strategic Services (OSS) intended to be dropped behind enemy lines as saboteurs and spies. However, even before the United States entered the war on December 7, 1941, agents from America's intelligence services expressed an interest in sending personnel for training at the soon to be opened Camp X. Agents from the FBI and the Office of Strategic Services (forerunner of the CIA) secretly attended Camp X. Most notable was Colonel William “Wild Bill” Donovan, war-time head of the OSS, who credited Sir William Stephenson with teaching Americans about foreign intelligence gathering. The CIA even named their recruit training facility "The Farm", a nod to the original farm that existed at the Camp X site.

Camp X was jointly operated by the BSC and the Government of Canada. The official names of the camp were many: S 25-1-1 by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), Project-J by the Canadian military, and Special Training School 103 by the Special Operations Executive, administered under the cover of the Ministry of Economic Warfare (MEW).

Camp X trained over five hundred Allied units, of which 273 graduated and moved on to London for further training. Many secret agents were trained here. The Camp X pupils were schooled in a wide variety of special techniques including silent killing, sabotage, partisan support and recruitment methods for resistance movements, demolition, map reading, use of various weapons, and Morse code.

It was at Camp X that the OSS operated an "assassination and elimination" training program that was dubbed "the school of mayhem and murder" by George Hunter White, who trained at the facility in the 1950s.

Hydra

One of the unique features of Camp X was Hydra, a highly sophisticated telecommunications centre. Given the name by the Camp X operators, Hydra was invaluable for both coding and decoding information in relative safety from the prying ears of German radio observers. The camp was an excellent location for the safe transfer of code due to the topography of the land; Lake Ontario made it an excellent site for picking up radio signals from the United Kingdom. Hydra also had direct access via land lines to Ottawa, New York, and Washington, D.C. for telegraph and telephone communications.  The transmitter was previously used as that of American AM station WCAU's shortwave sibling W3XAU, and upon severance of W3XAU in 1941, the transmitter was refurbished and became the transmitter for Hydra. The transmitter was scrapped in 1969.

Postwar

Trainees included Ian Fleming, later famous for his James Bond books, though there is evidence against this claim.  The character of James Bond was supposedly based on Sir William Stephenson and what Fleming learned from him. Children's writer Roald Dahl and British screenwriter Paul Dehn also trained at the camp.

In the fall of 1945 Camp X was used by the RCMP as a secure location for interviewing Soviet embassy cypher-clerk Igor Gouzenko, who defected to Canada on September 5 and revealed an extensive Soviet espionage operation in the country.

Post-war, the camp was renamed the Oshawa Wireless Station and was turned over to the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals as a wireless intercept station, in essence a spy listening station. The Oshawa Wireless Station ceased operations in 1969. All remaining buildings were demolished or relocated elsewhere and the property abandoned. Records pertaining to Camp X were either locked away under the Official Secrets Act or destroyed after World War II.

Nothing significant remains of Camp X today, as all the remaining buildings were bulldozed into Laker Ontario in 1969 when the camp was decommissioned, although several craters from explosives training are still visible. The site, located on Boundary Road in Whitby, Ontario, is now a passive park named "Intrepid Park". A monument was erected in 1984 to honour the men and women of Camp X, which many in the intelligence world consider to be the finest espionage training camp of the Second World War. The monument is surrounded by four flags: the Bermuda flag (where Stephenson died), the flag of the United States, the British Union Flag, and the current flag of Canada. Today it is the site of annual Remembrance Day ceremonies hosted by 2 Intelligence Company, a military intelligence unit based in Toronto, Ontario.


 Afterword

The Blog Author has read the the first five heads of the American Central Intelligence Agency, formed from the OSS in 1947, all trained at Camp X.

Wednesday, October 8, 2014

Republican in Name Only (RINO)

Republican In Name Only (RINO) is a pejorative term used by conservative members of the Republican Party of the United States to describe Republicans whose political views or actions they consider insufficiently conservative. The acronym RINO, emerged in the 1990s.

Origins

In 1912, former President Theodore Roosevelt, then-President William Howard Taft, and Senator Robert LaFollette fought for ideological control of the Republican Party and each denounced the other two as "not really Republican". The phrase Republican in name only emerged as a popular political pejorative in the 1920s, 1950s and 1980s.

The earliest known print appearance of the term RINO was in the Manchester, New Hampshire newspaper then called The Union Leader.

Bill Clinton would have been proud of what was happening on the third-floor Senate corner at the State House this week.... The Republicans were moving out and the Democrats and "RINOs" (Republicans In Name Only) were moving in.

—John DiStaso , "Merrill Taps Scamman, Strome and a Thomson"  New Hampshire Union Leader, 31 December 1992. 

Buttons featuring the red slash through an image of a rhinoceros were spotted in the New Hampshire State House as early as 1992.[3] In 1993, former Marine and future California Republican Assembly President Celeste Greig distributed buttons featuring a red slash over the word RINO to express opposition to Los Angeles mayor Richard Riordan. The term came into widespread usage during subsequent election cycles.

Usage

That little sobriquet is so baseless and so outrageous... [it was] ginned up by people who don't believe you can be a Republican unless you're hard right on social issues.

—Joe Schwarz, Republican and former Congressman

During Republican primary campaign season, some conservative organizations target RINO Republicans who fail to adopt their stances. National Federation of Republican Assemblies started the "RINO Hunters' Club", whom they believe to be too moderate on such issues as taxes, gun rights, and abortion. The fiscally conservative 501(c)4 organization Club for Growth invented the "RINO Watch" list to monitor "Republican office holders around the nation who have advanced egregious anti-growth, anti-freedom or anti-free market policies"; other conservative groups published similar lists.

Similar Terms

While the term RINO is of recent coinage, the concept of being an inauthentic member of the Republican Party by not representing its more conservative faction is a recurring theme in Party history.

Me-too Republicans

In the 1930s and 40s, Me-too Republicans described those who ran on a platform of agreeing with the Democratic Party, proclaiming only minor or moderating differences. An example is two-time presidential candidate Thomas E. Dewey, who ran against the popular Franklin D. Roosevelt and his successor Harry Truman. Dewey did not oppose Roosevelt's New Deal programs altogether, but merely campaigned on the promise that Republicans would run them more efficiently and less corruptly.

Let me warn the nation, against the smooth evasion which says, "of course we believe all these things, we believe in social-security, we believe in work for the unemployed, we believe in saving homes—cross our hearts and hope to die, we believe in all these things. But we do not like the way the president's administration is doing them. Just turn them over to us."

—Franklin D. Roosevelt (D), addressing a Democratic audience in New York, September 1936

From 1936 to 1976, the more centrist members of the Republican Party frequently won the national nomination with candidates such as Alf Landon, Wendell Willkie, Thopmas E. Dewey, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and Gerald Ford. The mainstream of the Republican Party was generally supportive of the New Deal, and the right wing was the more marginalized faction. In the 1950s, conservatives such as Robert Taft and Barry Goldwater, who rallied against "me-too Republicans", were considered outside of the mainstream of the then-centrist GOP; serious consideration was given to leaving the GOP and forming a new conservative party in coalition with the "states’ rights" Democrats of the South.

Nixonians and Rockefeller Republicans

In the 1960s and 70s, conservatives sometimes called moderate Republicans "Nixonian". A more widely adopted term was "Rockefeller Republican". Neither expression was always considered pejorative.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_In_Name_Only

Tuesday, October 7, 2014

Synthetic Oil


Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds that are artificially made (synthesized). Synthetic lubricants can be manufactured using chemically modified petroleum components rather than whole crude oil, but can also be synthesized from other raw materials. Synthetic oil is used as a substitute for lubricant refined from petroleum when operating in extremes of temperature, because, in general, it provides superior mechanical and chemical properties to those found in traditional mineral oils. Aircraft jet engines, for example, require the use of synthetic oils, whereas aircraft piston engines do not. Synthetic lubricants are also used in metal stamping to provide environmental and other benefits when compared to conventional petroleum and animal fat based products. These products are also referred to as "non-oil" or "oil free".

Advantages

The technical advantages of synthetic motor oils include:

  • Better low- and high-temperature viscosity performance at service temperature extremes
  • Better (higher) Viscosity Index (VI)
  • Better chemical and shear stability
  • Decreased evaporative loss
  • Resistance to oxidation, thermal breakdown, and oil sludge problems
  • Possibility to extended drain intervals, with the environmental benefit of less used oil waste generated
  • Improved fuel economy in certain engine configurations
  • Better lubrication during extreme cold weather starts
  • Possibly a longer engine life
  • Superior protection against "ash" and other deposit formation in engine hot spots (in particular in turbochargers and superchargers) for less oil burnoff and reduced chances of damaging oil passageway clogging.
  • Increased horsepower and torque due to less initial drag on engine
  • Improved Fuel Economy (FE) - from 1.8% to up to 5% has been documented in fleet tests

Disadvantages

The disadvantages of synthetic motor oils include:

  • Substantially more expensive (per volume) than mineral oils.
  • Potential decomposition problems in certain chemical environments (predominantly in industrial use.)

Monday, October 6, 2014

Unique Psychopath's Autobiography

Introduction by the Blog Author

Recently a neuroscientist found out that he himself had strong psychopathic tendencies.  This led to a labyrinth of self-discovery and personal maturity.  Below is a description by Amazon.com of the book he wrote.  That is followed by some readers’ reviews.
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

“The last scan in the pile was strikingly odd. In fact it looked exactly like the most abnormal of the scans I had just been writing about, suggesting that the poor individual it belonged to was a psychopath—or at least shared an uncomfortable amount of traits with one....When I found out who the scan belonged to, I had to believe there was a mistake....But there had been no mistake. The scan was mine.”

For the first fifty-eight years of his life James Fallon was by all appearances a normal guy. A successful neuroscientist and medical school professor, he’d been raised in a loving, supportive family, married his high school sweetheart, and had three kids and lots of friends.

Then he learned a shocking truth that would not only disrupt his personal and professional life, but would lead him to question the very nature of his own identity.

The Psychopath Inside tells the fascinating story of Fallon’s reaction to the discovery that he has the brain of a psychopath. While researching serial murderers, he uncovered a distinct neurological pattern in their brain scans that helped explain their cold and violent behavior. A few months later he learned that he was descended from a family with a long line of murderers which confirmed that Fallon’s own brain pattern wasn’t a fluke.

As a scientist convinced that humans are shaped by their genetics, Fallon set out to reconcile the truth about his brain with everything he knew about the mind, behavior, and the influence of nature vs. nurture on our personalities. How could he, a successful scientist and a happy family man with no history of violence, be a psychopath? How much did his biology influence his behavior? Was he capable of some of the gruesome atrocities perpetrated by the serial killers he had studied?

Combining his personal experience with scientific analysis, Fallon shares his journey and the discoveries that ultimately led him to understand that, despite everything science can teach us, humans are even more complex than we can imagine.

--Amazon.com

Readers’ reviews


By K Gordon on December 2, 2013

Reading this book is an extraordinary experience. As the author, a brain researcher of international stature, unpeels his own life and psyche, going deeper and deeper as the memoir proceeds, something happens to the reader. As he admits to us some of the most self incriminating thoughts and experiences ever written by a professional or family man, especially one with such impeccable credentials and credibility, I found myself examining my own life in a similar way. He subtly coaxes you into reflecting on your own own motivations. It is a revealing and for me even freeing read. His personal story is weaved with sophisticated but remarkably accessible scientific descriptions on the brain, psychiatry, genetics, and medicine as a whole. I felt like I received the wealth of a year of advanced science education in just a thoroughly enjoyable three hours it took me to read it. This guy is a fantastic teacher, and one who may challenge what you think and feel about your own life.

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
5 stars

A unique personal journey indeed., August 21, 2014

By doug

This review is from: The Psychopath Inside: A Neuroscientist's Personal Journey into the Dark Side of the Brain (Hardcover)

Dr Fallon is a skilled communicator. I knew this first hand because I was once one of his medical students. Our class voted him our favorite professor due to his uncanny ability to make the complex simple. It is a delight to find he is providing his insights and novel perspectives to the general public with this effort.

This examination of how brain anatomy and genes may influence personality is built upon disquieting discoveries the author made about himself in the course of his research into the brain. Jim Fallon's willingness to make personal observations is fearless and that humanizing narrative pulls the reader into the examination of how we become who we are.

The difference between turning out as a distinguished academic (vs axe murderer) is possibly a finer line than medical science had appreciated. The reader is sure to gain useful insights into people they know, and maybe even him- or herself. I am pleased to see my former professor continuing to educate in his entertaining way. Read this book.

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
5.0 out of 5 stars Welcome to the club. The bad news and the good news., August 13, 2014

By Modesty Press "(Vanity Press)" (Puget Sound)

This review is from: The Psychopath Inside: A Neuroscientist's Personal Journey into the Dark Side of the Brain (Hardcover)

Welcome to the club. The bad news and the good news.

We are in a very strange period of human evolution. We are beginning to understand how our brain functions as humans never have before. We are living longer and longer, we are solving problems that have tormented humanity for millennia, yet as fast as we solve problems, we create new ones.

We are the only animals on our planet with full self-awareness and knowledge of our own mortality. We are the only animals with a sense of “right and wrong,” which we refer to as ethics or morality. Nature has no sense of morality. My wife and I live in the woods on an island in Puget Sound. Occasionally I see an eagle or hawk or owl snatch a bunny or squirrel and consume it. The eagle swoops; the bunny hides and runs; neither thinks this is right or wrong. It's just nature. Only human beings say “Don't murder, torture, rape; help out people less fortunate.” (sometimes as they performing these very “sinful” actions they ostensibly oppose). I am a life long atheist; if you consider yourself a good person (and probably you are, most of the time) because of Jesus or whatever, “good on you,”

As far as I can tell, the reason most of us behave reasonably well most of the time is that we possess a feature in our nervous system called “empathy.” I have felt pain; I am reluctant to inflict pain. If I see someone in pain, I am impelled to relieve their suffering if I can.

About 1% of human beings lack empathy. We call these people psychopaths/sociopaths. Some of them are very bad people, who kill other human beings because it satisfies desires or because it is amusing and entertaining to do so. The vast majority of “paths” are not killers; they just steal, seduce, and torment for similar reasons. Some people do bad things for other reasons. Sometimes people do them out of desperation. My family had a car stolen from right in front of our house once; when we recovered the vehicle we learned that the thieves were a desperate homeless couple. I have also had at least three serious run-ins with non-violent psychopaths during my life time. Two were bosses (one a high administrator of a large, much admired public library system); #3 was a long-time ecological cult leader and career swindler, whom my wife and I defeated in an immense civil trial – proxy for a criminal trial – that went to the Oregon Supreme Court.. All three of these “paths” fooled me (and many others) completely. “Paths” can be very, very dangerous people.

I found this book fascinating, well written, and to the extent I could evaluate the rather technical scientific information included, accurate and persuasive. I have a personal reason for liking the book rather similar to the author's for writing it. He recognizes that he is a psychopath by a “blind test” of his brain scan. That's the “bad news.” The “good news” is that because of fortunate events in his childhood and upbringing he learned how to avoid his “genetic doom” (the murderous trail of psychopathic murders in his genealogical record going back to King John (the psychopathic king of England who unwillingly signed the Magna Carta). There is bad stuff in my psychopath make up as well. I doubt that I am a “full out” psychopath (I have some empathy) but I am a relatively “cool and unemotional” person whose psyche vibrates with some resonance with psychopath harmonies. Your mileage may vary.


= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Afterword by the Blog Author

The reviews of this book are worth looking at, especially the strong minority that ranks it as only one or two stars.  There’s an element of personal anger in those antagonistic reviews.

I want to speculate on that anger, because it is so unreasonable and so consistent between different angry reviewers.  If a man with the brain of a psychopath acts normal, then it means that nurture remains important and it also argues very strongly for free will.  That’s important because there is a faux-scientific attack on the legal system and on criminal confinement stemming entirely from the wholly intellectual notion that criminals can’t help but commit crimes and that therefore they aren’t in charge of their own motives and intents, and that therefore they aren’t guilty of anything.
 
But if someone with the same twisted brain wiring can lead a normal life, that explodes the argument.  And they hate that, do these dissing reviewers, and they objectify that hatred through personal attack, because they need to defend their own construct against an astonishing yet true case history.

Sunday, October 5, 2014

Origin of AIDS

AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which originated in non-human primates in Sub-Saharan Africa. While various sub-groups of the virus acquired human infectivity at different times, the global pandemic had its origins in the emergence of one specific strain – HIV-1 subgroup M – in Leopoldville in the Belgian Congo (now Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) in the 1920s, as discovered on October 2, 2014.

Two types of HIV exist: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is more virulent, is more easily transmitted and is the cause of the vast majority of HIV infections globally. The pandemic strain of HIV-1 is closely related to a virus found in the chimpanzees of the subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes, which lives in the forests of the Central African nations of Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of Congo (or Congo-Brazzaville), and Central African Republic.  HIV-2 is less transmittable and is largely confined to West Africa, along with its closest relative, a virus of the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys atys), an Old World monkey inhabiting southern Senbegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and western Ivory Coast.

Bushmeat Practice

According to the natural transfer theory (also called 'Hunter Theory' or 'Bushmeat Theory'), the "simplest and most plausible explanation for the cross-species transmission" of SIV or HIV (post mutation), the virus was transmitted from an ape or monkey to a human when a hunter or bushmeat vendor/handler was bitten or cut while hunting or butchering the animal. The resulting exposure to blood or other bodily fluids of the animal can result in SIV infection. A study published in 2009 also discussed that bushmeat in other parts of the world, such as Argentina, may be a possible location for where the disease originated. A recent serological survey showed that human infections by SIV are not rare in Central Africa: the percentage of people showing seroreactivity to antigens — evidence of current or past SIV infection — was 2.3% among the general population of Caneroon, 7.8% in villages where bushmeat is hunted or used, and 17.1% in the most exposed people of these villages. How the SIV virus would have transformed into HIV after infection of the hunter or bushmeat handler from the ape/monkey is still a matter of debate, although natural selection would favor any viruses capable of adjusting so that they could infect and reproduce in the T cells of a human host.


[This Wikipedia article also discusses many other alternative theories of cross-species transmission in the article linked immediately above.]

Friday, October 3, 2014

Ebola Virus Overview


Ebola virus disease (EVD), Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), or simply Ebola is a disease of humans and other primates caused by an ebolavirus. Symptoms start two days to three weeks after contracting the virus, with a fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and headaches. Typically, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. Around this time, affected people may begin to bleed both within the body and externally.

The virus may be acquired upon contact with blood or bodily fluids of an infected human or other animal. Spreading through the air has not been documented in the natural environment. Fruit bats are believed to be a carrier and may spread the virus without being affected. Once human infection occurs, the disease may spread between people, as well. Male survivors may be able to transmit the disease via semen for nearly two months. To make the diagnosis, typically other diseases with similar symptoms such as malaria, cholera and other viral homorrhagic fevers are first excluded. To confirm the diagnosis, blood samples are tested for viral antibodies, viral RNA, or the virus itself.

Prevention includes decreasing the spread of disease from infected animals to humans. This may be done by checking such animals for infection and killing and properly disposing of the bodies if the disease is discovered. Properly cooking meat and wearing protective clothing when handling meat may also be helpful, as are wearing protective clothing and washing hands when around a person with the disease. Samples of bodily fluids and tissues from people with the disease should be handled with special caution.

No specific treatment for the disease is yet available. Efforts to help those who are infected are supportive and include giving either oral rehydration therapy (slightly sweet and salty water to drink) or intravenous fluids. The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 50% and 90% of those infected with the virus. EVD was first identified in Sudan (now South Sudan) and Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). The disease typically occurs in outbreaks in tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa. From 1976 (when it was first identified) through 2013, the World Health Organization reported a total of 1,716 cases. The largest outbreak to date is the ongoing 2014 West African Ebola outbreak, which is affecting Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Nigeria. As of 28 September 2014, 7,157 suspected cases resulting in the deaths of 3,330 have been reported.  Efforts are under way to develop a vaccine; however, none yet exists.