In literary criticism, an objective
correlative is a group of things or events which systematically represent
emotions.
The term was first coined by the American painter and poet Washington Allston(1779-1843), was introduced by T.S.Eliot, rather casually, into his essay "Hamlet and His Problems" (1919);its subsequent vogue in literary criticism, Eliot said, astonished him. In "Hamlet and His Problems", Eliot used the term exclusively to refer to his claimed artistic mechanism whereby emotion is evoked in the audience:
It seems to be in deference to this principle that Eliot famously described the play Hamlet as "most certainly an artistic failure": Eliot felt that Hamlet's strong emotions "exceeded the facts" of the play, which is to say they were not supported by an "objective correlative". He acknowledged that such a circumstance is "something which every person of sensibility has known"; but felt that in trying to represent it dramatically, "Shakespeare tackled a problem which proved too much for him".
A famous haiku by Yosa Buson entitled, The Piercing Chill I Feel illustrates the use of objective correlative within poetry:
In the Clint Eastwood movie Jersey Boys, songwriter Bob Gaudio of The 4 Seasons is asked who the girl is in his song Cry For Me. He makes reference to T.S. Eliot's topic, "the Objective Correlative", as the subject being every girl, or any girl. In adherence to this reference, the author allows himself the literary license to step outside the scope of his personal experience, and to conjecture about the emotions and responses inherent with the situation, and utilize the third party perspective in the first party presentation.
Objective Correlative Theory
The theory of the
objective correlative as it relates to literature was largely developed through
the writings of the poet and literary critic T.S. Eliot, who is associated with
the literary group called the New Critics. Helping define the objective
correlative, Eliot's essay "Hamlet and His Problems", republished in
his book The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism discusses his
view of Shakespeare's incomplete development of Hamlet's emotions in the play Hamlet.
Eliot uses Lady Macbeth's state of mind as an example of the successful
objective correlative : "The artistic 'inevitability' lies in this complete
adequacy of the external to the emotion…." , as a contrast to Hamlet.
According to Eliot, the feelings of Hamlet are not sufficiently supported by
the story and the other characters surrounding him. The objective correlative's
purpose is to express the character's emotions by showing rather than describing
feelings as discussed earlier by Plato and referred to by Peter Barry in his
book Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory
as "...perhaps little more than the ancient distinction (first made by
Plato) between mimesis and diegesis…." (28). According to Formalist
critics, this action of creating an emotion through external factors and
evidence linked together and thus forming an objective correlative should
produce an author's detachment from the depicted character and unite the
emotion of the literary work. The "occasion" of E. Montale is a
further form of correlative. The works of Eliot were translated in Italian by
the 1975 Nobel Prize in Literature Eugenio Montale, whose poetry he influenced.
Origin of Terminology
The term was first coined by the American painter and poet Washington Allston(1779-1843), was introduced by T.S.Eliot, rather casually, into his essay "Hamlet and His Problems" (1919);its subsequent vogue in literary criticism, Eliot said, astonished him. In "Hamlet and His Problems", Eliot used the term exclusively to refer to his claimed artistic mechanism whereby emotion is evoked in the audience:
The only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an
"objective correlative"; in other words, a set of objects, a
situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular
emotion; such that when the external facts, which must terminate in sensory
experience, are given, the emotion is immediately evoked.
It seems to be in deference to this principle that Eliot famously described the play Hamlet as "most certainly an artistic failure": Eliot felt that Hamlet's strong emotions "exceeded the facts" of the play, which is to say they were not supported by an "objective correlative". He acknowledged that such a circumstance is "something which every person of sensibility has known"; but felt that in trying to represent it dramatically, "Shakespeare tackled a problem which proved too much for him".
Criticisms
One possible
criticism of Eliot's theory includes his assumption that an author's intentions
concerning expression will be understood in one way only. This point is stated
by Balachandra Rajan as quoted in David A. Goldfarb's "New Reference Works
in Literary Theory" with these words: "Eliot argues that there is a
verbal formula for any given state of emotion which, when found and used, will
evoke that state and no other."
Examples of an Objective Correlative
A famous haiku by Yosa Buson entitled, The Piercing Chill I Feel illustrates the use of objective correlative within poetry:
The
piercing chill I feel:
my dead
wife's comb, in our bedroom,
under my
heel...
In the Clint Eastwood movie Jersey Boys, songwriter Bob Gaudio of The 4 Seasons is asked who the girl is in his song Cry For Me. He makes reference to T.S. Eliot's topic, "the Objective Correlative", as the subject being every girl, or any girl. In adherence to this reference, the author allows himself the literary license to step outside the scope of his personal experience, and to conjecture about the emotions and responses inherent with the situation, and utilize the third party perspective in the first party presentation.
See Also
- Affect
- Pathetic fallacy
- Thing theory
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